Article 14 of the Constitution: Right to Equality

*General :
§ Right to Equality: Basic Structure of the Constitution (Indira Gandhi Vs Raj Narayan AIR 1975 SC 2299)
§ Preamble of UN Charter 1945
§ Article 7 of UDHR 1948
§ Article 26 of ICCPR 1966
*Tow Concept of Article 14
Ø Equality before Law
§ English Concept
§ Negative in Nature
§ Dician Rule of law
Ø Equality protection of laws
§ Positive Concept
§ 14th Amendment of US Constitution
*Exception to the Rule of Equality
*Article 14 permits reasonable classification but prohibits class legislation
*Test to determine the Reasonableness of classification

(State of W.B. Vs Anwar Ali Sarkar AIR 1952 SC 75)
§ Classification must be founded on Intelligible Differentia
§ Differentia must have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the Act
*Principles for determining the Reasonableness of classification
§ Ram Krishna Dalmia Vs Justice Tandolkar AIR 1958 SC 538
§ In Re Special Court Bill Case AIR 1978 SC 478
*Rule of Natural Justice implicit in Article 14
§ Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597
§ Tata Cellular Vs Union of India (1994) 6SCC 651
*Basis of Classification

Article 13 of the Constitution:

*Justiciability of fundamental Rights
Ø General
Ø Judicial Review
§ Minerva Mills Ltd Vs Union of India AIR 1980 SC 1789(Chandrachud CJ.)
§ Kesawanand Bharti Vs State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC1461(Khanna J.)
§ L. Chandra Kumar Vs Union of India AIR 1997 SC 1125 (Ahmadi CJ.)
§ Marbury Vs Madision 1 Cranch 137 (Marshall CJ.)
Ø Definition of law, law in force
Ø Whether personal law included in the Definition of law
§ State of Bombay Vs Narasu Appa Mali AIR 1952 SC 84 (Gajendragadkae j.)
§ Ahmedabad Women Action Group Vs Union of India AIR 1997 SC 3614.
§ P.E. Methew Vs Union of India AIR 1999 Ker. 345.
Ø Fundamental Rights are prospective in operation
§ Keshav Madhava Menon Vs state of Bombay AIR 1951 SC128.
Ø Doctrine of severability
§ Meaning
§ R.M.D. Chamarbaugwala Vs Union of India AIR 1957 SC 628.
§ A. K. Gopalan Vs State of Madras AIR 1950 SC27.
§ Minerva Mills Ltd Vs Union of India AIR 1980 SC
§ Kihoto Hollohon Vs Zachilhu AIR 1993 SC 412.
Ø Doctrine of Eclipse
§ Meaning
§ Keshav Madhava Menon Vs State of Bombay AIR 1951 SC128.
§ Bhekaji Narayan Vs State of M.P. AIR 1955 SC781.
Ø Doctrine of Eclipse and Post Constitutional Law
§ Bhekaji Narayan Vs State of M.P. AIR 1955 SC781.
§ Sagir Ahmed Vs State of U.P. AIR 1954 SC728.
§ Deep Chand Vs State of M.P. AIR 1959 SC648.
§ State of Gujarat Vs Sri Ambika Mills AIR 1974SC.
Ø Post Constitutional Law and Ninth Schedule
§ A. P. Krishnaswamy Naidu Vs State of Madras AIR 1964 SC1515
§ L. Jagannath Vs Authorized Officer AIR 1972 SC425
Ø Waiver of fundamental Rights
§ Behram Vs state of Maharashtra AIR 1955SC123
§ Basheshar Nath Vs I. T. Commissioner AIR 1959SC149.
§ Olga Tellis Vs Bombay Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC180.
§ Nar Singh Pal Vs Union of India AIR 2000 SC 1401.

Article 12 of the Constitution

*General
*Local Authorities
§ Union of India Vs R. C. Jain AIR 1981 SC
*Other Authorities
Ø Rule of ejusdem generic : Authorities performing Govt. & Sovereign function
§ University of Madra Vs Shantha Bai AIR 1954 Mad.
§ Ujjam Bai Vs State of U. P. AIR 1962 SC
Ø Authorities created by Constitution or Statute
§ Rajisthan Electricity Board Vs Mohan Lal AIR 1967 SC
§ Sukhdev Singh Vs Bhagatram AIR 1975 SC (view of Methew J.)
Ø Justice Bhagwati preferred broader test suggested by Methew J. a body may be an agency and instrumentality of state though not created by any statute
§ R. D. ShettyVs International Airport Authority AIR1979 SC
§ Som Prakesh RekhiVs Union of India AIR 1981 SC
Ø Agency and Instrumentality Test:
§ Ajay Hasia Vs Khalid Mujib Sehravardi (1981)1SSC
Ø Agency and Instrumentality Tests formulated in Ajay Hasia were not a rigid set of principles
§ Pradeep Kumar Biswas Vs Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (2002) 5 SCC 111.
*Whether state includes Judiciary
§ Budhan Chaudhary Vs State of Biher AIR 1955 SC
§ Amirabbas Vs State of Madhya Bharat AIR 1960 SC
§ Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar Vs state of Maharashtra AIR 1967SC
§ A. R. Antulay Vs R. S. Nayak AIR 1988 SC
§ Rupa Ashok Hurra Vs Ashok Hurra AIR 2002SC