Article 12 of the Constitution

*General
*Local Authorities
§ Union of India Vs R. C. Jain AIR 1981 SC
*Other Authorities
Ø Rule of ejusdem generic : Authorities performing Govt. & Sovereign function
§ University of Madra Vs Shantha Bai AIR 1954 Mad.
§ Ujjam Bai Vs State of U. P. AIR 1962 SC
Ø Authorities created by Constitution or Statute
§ Rajisthan Electricity Board Vs Mohan Lal AIR 1967 SC
§ Sukhdev Singh Vs Bhagatram AIR 1975 SC (view of Methew J.)
Ø Justice Bhagwati preferred broader test suggested by Methew J. a body may be an agency and instrumentality of state though not created by any statute
§ R. D. ShettyVs International Airport Authority AIR1979 SC
§ Som Prakesh RekhiVs Union of India AIR 1981 SC
Ø Agency and Instrumentality Test:
§ Ajay Hasia Vs Khalid Mujib Sehravardi (1981)1SSC
Ø Agency and Instrumentality Tests formulated in Ajay Hasia were not a rigid set of principles
§ Pradeep Kumar Biswas Vs Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (2002) 5 SCC 111.
*Whether state includes Judiciary
§ Budhan Chaudhary Vs State of Biher AIR 1955 SC
§ Amirabbas Vs State of Madhya Bharat AIR 1960 SC
§ Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar Vs state of Maharashtra AIR 1967SC
§ A. R. Antulay Vs R. S. Nayak AIR 1988 SC
§ Rupa Ashok Hurra Vs Ashok Hurra AIR 2002SC