Article 21: Right to Life & Personal Liberty

Article 21: Right to Life & Personal Liberty

§ Article 3 UDHR 1948

§ Article 6 ICCPR 1966

§ Protection available to citizens as well as non-citizens

Chairman Railway Board Vs Chandrima Das AIR 2000 SC 988.

§ A. K. Gopalan Vs State of Madras AIR 1950 SC27.

§ Due Process of law

§ Relation between Art. 19, 21&22

§ Law means lex or jus

§ Right to Personal Liberty

§ A. K. Gopalan Vs State of Madras AIR 1950 SC27.

§ Kharak Singh Vs State of U.P. AIR 1963 SC

§ Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India AIR 1978 SC

§ A New Dynamic Dimension

§ Right to Privacy

§ Malak Singh Vs State of Punjab AIR 1963 SC

§ R. Rajagopal Vs State of T. N. AIR 1995SC

§ PUCL Vs Union of India AIR 2003 SC

§ Telephone Tapping

PUCL Vs Union of India AIR 1997 SC

§ Right to Privacy & subjecting a person to Medical Tests

Sharda Vs Dharmpal AIR 2003 SC

§ Right to Privacy & Sec.9 of Hindu Marriage Act 1955

Sareetha Vs Vankata Subbaian 1983 SC

§ Right to go abroad

Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India AIR 1978 SC

§ Arrest of a Judgment debter

Jolly George Verghese Vs Union of India AIR 1980 SC

Right of a major to live with anyone

Jyoti Vs state of U. P. AIR 2004 SC

§ Right against Illegal detension

Joginder Kumar Vs state of U. P. AIR 1994 SC

D. K. Basu Vs state of W. B. AIR 1981 SC

Prisoners Right

§ Right to free legal aid

M. H. Haskot Vs state of Mah. AIR 1978 SC

Sheela Barea Vs state of Mah AIR 1983 SC

§ Right to speedy trial

6^th Amendment of US Constitution

Art. 3 of ECHR

Hussainara Khatoon Vs Home Secretary, state of Bihar AIR 1979 SC

A. R. Antulay Vs R. S. Nayak AIR 1992 SC

Pradeep Kumar Verma Vs state of Bihar AIR 2007SC

§ Right to fair trial

k. Arbazhagan Vs Supdt. Of Police AIR2004 SC

Zahira Habibullah SeikhVs state of Guj. AIR 2006 SC

§ Right to bail

Babu Singh Vs state of U. P. AIR 1978SC

§ Right against handcuffing

Prem Shankar Vs Delhi Adm. AIR 1980 SC

§ Right against bar fetters

Sunil Batra Vs Delhi Adm. AIR 1978 SC

§ Right against solitary confinement

Sunil Batra Vs Delhi Adm. AIR 1978 SC

Right to Life

Kharak Singh Vs State of U.P. AIR 1963 SC

Sunil Batra Vs Delhi Adm. AIR 1978 SC

Kapila Hingorani Vs state of Bihar AIR 2003 SC

Common Cause (a reg. society) Vs Union of India AIR 2008 SC

Different Facets of the Right to Life

Right to live with human dignity

Francis Coralie Vs Union of India AIR 1981 SC

PUDR Vs Union of India AIR 1982 SC

Bandhua Mukti Morcha Vs Union of India AIR 1984 SC

Right to livelihood

Olga Tellis Vs Municipal Corporation AIR 1986 SC

Narendra Kumar Chandla Vs state of haryana AIR 1995 SC

Right to Shelter

Chamali Singh Vs State of U.P. AIR 1996 SC

Right to Education

Mohni Jain Vs state of Karnataka AIR 1992 SC

UnniKrishan Vs state of A. P. AIR 1993 SC

86^th Amendment 2002

T. M. A. Pai Case 2003 SC

Right to Sustainable Development

Susetha Vs State of T. N. AIR 2006 SC

N. D. Jayal Vs Union of India 2004 SC

Right to clean Environment

L. K. Koolwal Vs state of Rajisthan AIR 1988 SC

M. C. Mehta Vs Union of India AIR 2004 SC

Murli S. Deora Vs Union of India AIR 2002 SC

M. C. Mehta Vs Union of India 2006 3SCC

In Re Noise Pollution AIR 2005 SC

Sexual harassment of women at workplace

Apparel Export Promotion Council Vs S. K. Chopra AIR 1982 SC

Vishaka Vs state of Rajisthan AIR 1997 SC

Right to Information

Essar Oil Ltd Vs Halar Utkarsh Samiti AIR 2004 SC

Reliance Petrocamicals Ltd Vs Pro[riters of Indian Express News Pepers AIR 1989 SC

Right to social security

Art. 25(2) UDHR 1948

Art. 7 ICCPR 1966

Regional Director ESICorp. Vs Francis De Costa 1992 4SCC

NHRC Vs state of Arunachal Pradesh AIR 1996 SC

Right against Honour killing

Sujit Kumar Vs State of U.P. AIR 2002 All

Right to health & timely medical aid

Permanand Katara Vs Union of India 1989 SC

P. B. Khat Mazdoor Samiti Vs state of W.B. AIR 1996 SC

Consumer Edu.& Research Centre Vs Union of India AIR1995 SC

No Right to die or to commit suicide

Maruti Shripati Dubal Vs state of Mah. AIR 1987 Bom.

C Jagadeeshwar Vs state of A. P. AIR 1988 AP

P Rathinam Vs Union of India 1994 SC

42th law Commission Report 1971

Sentence of death

35th law Commission Report 1967

Jagmohan Singh Vs State of U.P. AIR 1973 SC

Rajendra Prasad Vs State of U.P. AIR 1979 SC

Bachan Singh Vs State of Punjab AIR 1980 SC

Machhi Singh Vs State of Punjab AIR 1983 SC

Procedure established by law

A. K. Gopalan Vs State of Madras AIR 1950 SC27

Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India AIR 1978 SC

Bachan Singh Vs State of Punjab AIR 1980 SC

Mithu Vs State of Punjab AIR 1983 SC

State of Mah. Vs Praful B. Dasai AIR 2003 SC

Inter Relation of Art. 14, 19&21

A. K. Gopalan Vs State of Madras AIR 1950 SC27

Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India AIR 1978 SC

I. R. Coelho Vs state of T. N. AIR 2007 SC

Art. 21 and Emergency Provision

Art. 359 of Indian Constitution

Emergency during Chinese attack in 1962

Emergency during Pakistan attack in 1971

Emergency on the ground of internal disturbance in 1976

A D. M. Jabalpur Vs Shiv Kant Shukla AIR 1976 SC

44^th (Constitution) Amendment Act 1978

Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences

Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for offences

§ General

§ Protection available to citizens as well as non-citizens

Clause (1) Protection against ex post facto law

§ Meaning and Illustration

§ Article 15 ICCPR 1966

§ Offence Sec.26 of General Clause Act 1897

§ Constitutional Recognition to the rule

– No one can be convicted for expect for the violation of a law in force.

– A penal statute which create a new offences is always prospective in operation

§ First part of Art. 20(1) a law which declare some act as an offence after the completion of that act.

§ Cases:

Om Prakash Vs State of U.P. AIR 1957 All.

Soni Devrajbhai Babubhai Vs State of Gujarat AIR 1991 SC2173.

§ Interpretation of a provision of law does not create any new offence

Lily Thomas Vs Union of India AIR 2000 SC.

Sarla Mudgal Vs Union of India AIR 1995 SC.

§ Second Part of Art. 20(1) prohibits the enhancement of punishment subsequently.

Kedar Nath Vs State of W. B. AIR 1953 SC

Maru Ram Vs Union of India AIR 2000 SC

§ Benificial ex post facto law:

Ratan Lal Vs state of Punjab AIR 1965SC.

§ Procedural ex post facto law is not hit by Art 20(1)

§ Protection against ex post facto law in American Constitution.

§ Imposition of civil liability retrospectively not barred.

Clause (2) Protection against Double Jeopardy:

§ Meaning and Object

§ English common law Maxim “nemo debet bis vexaari”

§ Essential Ingredients:

§ The person must be an accused of an offence

§ The person must have been prosecuted before a court or a tribunal

Maqbool Hussain Vs state of Bombay AIR 1953 SC

S. A. Venkataraman Vs Union of India AIR 1954SC

§ The person must have been punished after his prosecution before a court or a tribunal

Baij Nath Vs state of Bhopal AIR 1957 SC

English Common law

American law

§ The person must be prosecuted for the second time before a court or tribunal

§ The offence must be the same in both the proceedings.

Leo Roy Frey Vs Superintendent District Jail AIR 1958SC

State of Rajisthan Vs Hat Singh AIR 2003 SC

Clause (3) Protection against Self Incrimination:

§ Meaning

No person accused of an offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself –Right against testimonial compulsion

§ English common law Maxim “nemo tenetur prodere accussare seipsum”

§ 5^th Amendment of American Constitution.

§ Fundamental Principal of criminal jurisprudence

“An accused must be presumed to be innocent until proved guilty.”

Article 11 UDHR 1948

§ Essential Ingredients:

§ The person must be an accused of an offence

Vera Ibrahim Vs state of Maharashtra AIR 1976 SC 1167

Nandini Satpathy Vs P. L.Dani AIR 1978 SC

§ It is a protection against compulsion to be a witness

M. P. Sharma Vs Satish Chandra AIR 1954 SC

State of Bombay Vs Kathi Kalu Oghad AIR 1961 SC

State Vs Krishna Mohan AIR 2008 SC

§ It is a protection against such compulsion as resulting in his giving evidence against himself

§ Section 27 of Evidence Act 1872 & Art. 20(3)

Freedom of Press

Freedom of Press

§ General

§ Freedom of Press in American Constitution

§ CAD: Observation of Dr. Ambadker

§ Meaning and Scope

§ No Pre-censorship

§ Brij Bhushan Vs state of Delhi AIR 1950SC

§ No Pre- publication ban

§ Virendra Vs state of Punjab AIR 1957 SC 896.

§ R. Rajagopal Vs state of T. N. AIR 1995 SC 264.

§ Right to access the source of Information

§ M. Hasan Vs state of A.P. AIR 1998 AP 25.

§ State of Maharastra Vs Rajendra Jawanmal Gandhi AIR 1997 SC 3186

§ Freedom of Circulation

§ Romesh Thaper Vs state of Madras AIR 1950

§ Freedom in the volume of news & views

§ Sakal Papers (P) Ltd Vs Union of India AIR 1962 SC 305.

§ Bennett Coleman & Co Vs Vs Union of India AIR 1973 SC.

§ No excessive taxes on press

§ Indian Express News Papers(Bombay) Pvt Ltd Vs Union of India AIR 1986 SC.

§ No indirect on press

§ Bennett Coleman & Co Vs Union of India AIR 1973 SC.

§ Indian Express News Papers(Bombay) Pvt Ltd Vs Union of India AIR 1986 SC

§ Commercial Advertisement included

§ Hamdard Dawakhanna Vs Union of India AIR 1960 SC 554.

§ Indian Express News Papers(Bombay) Pvt Ltd Vs Union of India AIR 1986 SC

§ Tata Press Ltd Vs MTNL AIR 1995 SC.

§ Right to exhibit films on Doordarshan

§ Odyssey Communication Pvt Ltd Vs Lok Vidayan Sanghatana AIR 1988SC 1642.

§ Bombay Art International Vs Om Pal Singh Hoon AIR 1996SC.

§ A. Suresh Vs State of T. N. AIR 1997 SC 1889.

§ LIC of India Vs Prof. Manubhai D.Shah AIR 1993SC171.

§ No state Monopoly either in Print & Electronic Media

§ Secretary Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Vs Cricket Association of Bangal AIR 1995 SC 7236.

Freedom of Speech & Expression

Article 19 (1) (a) Freedom of Speech & Expression

§ Meaning and Scope

§ Article 19 UDHR 1948

§ Article 19 ICCPR 1966

§ Four freedoms : Speech of US President F. D. Roosevelt during II World War

§ Ist Amendment of US Constitution 1791

§ Whitney Vs California (1927) 247 U.S. 214 (Louis Brandeis J.)

§ Kleindiest Vs Mandel 408 U.S. 753.

§ Romesh Thaper Vs state of Madras AIR 1950 (Patanjali Shastri J.)

§ Maneka Gandhi Vs Union of India AIR 1978 SC (Bhajwati J.)

Cases:

§ Right to Know and to obtain information

§ Prabhu Dutt Vs Union of India AIR 1982 SC 6.

§ Voters right to know about antecedents of their candidates

§ Union of India Vs Association for Democratic Reform AIR 2003SC2112.

§ PUCL Vs Union of India AIR 2003 SC 2363.

§ Right of the examinee to have access to evaluated scripts

§ Secretary, West Bangal Council of Higher Secondary Education Vs Ayan Das AIR 2007 SC 3098.

§ Right to reply/ answer the criticism against one’s view

§ LIC of India Vs Prof. Manubhai D.Shah AIR 1993SC171.

§ Compelled Speech

§ Union of India Vs Motion Pictyres Association AIR 1999SC.

§ Freedom of Silence

§ Bijoe Emmanual Vs state of Kerala AIR 1987 SC 748.

§ Right against sound pollution

§ Maulana Mufti Syed Vs state of W.B. AIR 1999 Cal.

Right to Freedom:Article 19

Article 19: Right to Freedom

General

§ Right available to citizens only

§ Article 18 UDHR 1948

§ Article18 ICCPR 1966

§ Art.19 has two part

§ First Part: Art.19(1) (a) to (g) recognized six freedoms speech & expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, trade or business.

§ Second Part: Art.19(2) to (6) provides that reasonable restrictions may be imposed on the freedoms recognized in Art.19(1) (a) to (g).

Article 29 of UDHR 1948 reasonable restrictions

§ Test for Reasonableness:

Papnasam Labour Union Vs Madura Coats Ltd AIR 1955 SC 2200

Chintamani Rao Vs state of M. P. AIR1951 SC 118.

Javad Vs state of Haryana AIR 2003 SC 3057.

Article 16 of the Constitution

Article 16 of the Constitution:

General

Comparison between Art. 15 & 16

Clause (1) Equality of opportunity in matter of Public Employment

Public Employment,

State may lay down qualification,

Protection extend to the matter subsequent to the appointment,

Equal pay for equal work(state of haryana Vs Rajpal sharma AIR 1997SC)

Cases:

§ Panduranga Rao Vs A. P. PSC AIR 1963 SC 268.

§ Ganga Ram Moolchandani Vs state of Rajasthan AIR 2001 SC.

§ Madan Mohan Sharma Vs state of Rajasthan AIR 2008 SC 1657.

§ B.C.P. P. Mazdoor Sangh Vs NTPC AIR 2008 SC 336.

Clause (2) No discrimination on ground of sex, caste, race, religion, place of birth, decent, residence in matter of Public Employment

Decent and Residence have been added to assure that parochialism and nepotism is eliminated in the matter of public employment

Clause (3) is an exception to Art. 16(1) which prohibit discrimination on ground of residence

§ Only parliament is empowered to regulate the law in this regard

§ Public employment (Requirement as to residence)Act 1957

§ Narsimha Rao Vs state of A. P. AIR 1970 SC 422.

Clause (4) Provision for the reservation of posts in Govt. jobs for Backward classes

§ Art. 16(4) is not an exception of Art.16(1)

§ It confers no right on citizen to claim reservation

§ It is an enabling provision and not a mandate but a prerogative of state

Cases:

§ T. Davadasan Vs Union of India AIR 1964SC 179.

§ M. R. Balaji Vs state of Maysore AIR 1963 SC 649.

§ State of Kerala Vs N. M. Thomas AIR 1976SC 490

§ Akhil Bharatiya Shoshit Kamgar SanghVs Union of India AIR 1981 SC 298.

§ K. C. Vasant kumar Vs state of Karnataka AIR 1985 SC 1495.

§ Indra Sawhney Vs Union of India AIR 1993 SC

Clause (4A) Provision for the reservation in Promotion

§ Added by Constitution (77th Amendment) Act 1995 to nullify the effect of the ruling(reservation in Promotion) of SC in Mandal Commission Case

§ Constitution (85th Amendment) Act 2001aims at extending the benefit of reservation in favour of the SC/ST in matter of promotion with consequential seniority. It was made applicable retrospectively from 17 June 1995.

Cases:

§ Union of India Vs Virpal Singh (1996)2SCC 775.

§ State of Karnataka Vs K. Govindappa AIR 2009 SC 618.

Clause (4B) Constitution (81th Amendment) Act 2000: Carry Forward Rule

§ This clause enables the state to carry forward the unfilled reserved vacancies to be filled in any succeeding years so as to remove the backlog notwithstanding the rule of 50% ceiling.

Cases:

§ M. Nagaraj Vs Union of India AIR 2007SC 71.

Clause (5) Religious qualification can be prescribed for incumbent of religious institution.

Article 15 of the Constitution

Article 15 of the Constitution:

Article 15 No Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex and Place of Birth

Clause (1) No Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex and Place of Birth

Cases:

§ Nainsukhdas Vs State of U.P. AIR 1953 SC384.

§ State of Rajisthan Vs Pratap Singh AIR 1960 SC1208.

Clause (2) Specific application of general provision contained in Art.14

The object is to eradicate the abuse of Hindu social system.

Clause (3) Special provision for women and children

Exception of General Rule under Art.15 (1)&(2)
Article 42 Maternity relief

Educational Institution exclusively for women

Special provisions substantive laws & procedural law

Various International Instruments relating to women and children

Cases:

§ Yusuf Abdul Aziz Vs State of Bombay AIR 1954 SC321.

§ Permjit Singh State of PunjabAIR 2009 P&H 7.

Clause (4) Special provision for advancement of backward classes

Another Exception of General Rule under Art.15 (1)&(2)

Added by Constitution (Ist Amandment) Act 1951 as a result of the decision of the SC in State of Madras Vs Champakam Dorairajan AIR 1951SC.

Cases:

§ State of Madras Vs Champakam Dorairajan AIR 1951SC 226.

§ M. R. Balaji Vs state of Maysore AIR 1963 SC 649.

§ K. C. Vasant kumar Vs state of Karnataka AIR 1985 SC 1495.

§ Indra Sawhney Vs Union of India AIR 1993 SC

§ Meera KanwariaVs Sunita AIR 2006 SC 597.

Clause (5) Special Provision for Reservation of backward, SC & ST classes including Private Educational Institution.

§ Ashok kumar Thakur Vs Union of India AIR 2008 SC

§ Added by 93rd Constitutional Amendment Act 2006 to nullify the effect of three decision of SC

ü T. M. A. Pai Foundation Vs state of Karnataka AIR 2003 SC

ü Islamic Academy Vs state of Karnataka AIR 2003 SC

ü P. A. Inamdar Vs state of Maharashtra AIR 2005 SC